different compilers present in linux

There are as many as you can imagine. Think of a language and there will be a compiler for it somewhere. Even brainfuck compilers are available.

Linux OSes are great development platforms for this reason.

i want to know some of them and how they are used while programming....

You can install build-essential and get a C and C++ compiler easily.

https://help.ubuntu.com/community/InstallingCompilers
Covers Java, C, C++ and Fortran

Perl is installed by default as is python as many apps already use them. So you just need to use a text editor to write the code and run it with the interpretter.

You can get QBasic using this:
http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=608535

Delphi:
http://www.howtoforge.com/lazarus_ubuntu

You do realize there are THOUSANDS of programming languages so to list them all is completely unfeasible:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_programming_languages

If you can narrow the question down rather than you extremely open ended question, it may be a more intelligent question because right now it is nearly impossible to answer.

gcc is the main compiler (on most platforms, not just GNU/Linux). It can compile C, C++, Objective C, ADA, Java and more languages that i don't know.

Java also has many compilers on GNU/Linux, and .net languages have a compiler too (see mono project).

icc is the proprietary compiler from intel, doesn't have as many features as gcc.

Clang is a newer compiler for C,C++, it doesn't have as many features as gcc. Also it doesn't target all the architectures supported by gcc.

Your question was not very specific in truth...

it sounds like you want someone to teach you how to program.

if this is the case, you can find many free tutorials on the internet. for example, type in google "c++ tutorial" and you'll get many links.